그냥 지나치기에는 잘못인 것 같아서 올립니다..
출처 : http://www.epa.gov/iaq/pubs/ozonegen.html (미국환경청 자료-일부번역)
-Are Ozone Generators Effective in Controlling Indoor Air Pollution?
(실내의 공기 오염을 제거 하는 것으로 오존 발생기가 효과적인가？)
Available scientific evidence shows that at concentrations that do not exceed public health standards, ozone has little potential to remove indoor air contaminants- .(이용할 수 있는 과학적인 증거는 공중 위생 표준들을 능가하지 않는 집중들에，오존이 실내의 공기 오염 물질들을 제거하기 위해 거의 잠재성을 가지지 않는 것을 나타낸다．
Some manufacturers or vendors suggest that ozone will render almost every chemical contaminant harmless by producing a chemical reaction whose only by-products are carbon dioxide, oxygen and water. This is misleading.
일부의 제조업자들 또는 판매인들은 오존이 거의 모든 화학의 오염 물질을 화학 반응을 생산하는 것 에 의해 무해하다고 제안한다 단지 부산물로 이산화탄소，산소，그리고 물만 생성한다고 하지만 이것은 오도이다
First,
a review of scientific research shows that, for many of the chemicals commonly found in indoor environments, the reaction process with ozone may take months or years (Boeniger, 1995). For all practical purposes, ozone does not react at all with such chemicals. And contrary to specific claims by some vendors, ozone generators are not effective in removing carbon monoxide (Salls, 1927; Shaughnessy et al., 1994) or formaldehyde (Esswein and Boeniger, 1994). (오존은 그런 화학제품들으로 모든 것에 반응하지 않는다．-중략)
Second,
for many of the chemicals with which ozone does readily react, the reaction can form a variety of harmful or irritating by-products (Weschler et al., 1992a, 1992b, 1996; Zhang and Lioy, 1994). For example, in a laboratory experiment that mixed ozone with chemicals from new carpet, ozone reduced many of these chemicals, including those which can produce new carpet odor. However, in the process, the reaction produced a variety of aldehydes, and the total concentration of organic chemicals in the air increased rather than decreased after the introduction of ozone (Weschler, et. al., 1992b). In addition to aldehydes, ozone may also increase indoor concentrations of formic acid (Zhang and Lioy, 1994), both of which can irritate the lungs if produced in sufficient amounts. Some of the potential by-products produced by ozone’s reactions with other chemicals are themselves very reactive and capable of producing irritating and corrosive by-products (Weschler and Shields, 1996, 1997a, 1997b). Given the complexity of the chemical reactions that occur, additional research is needed to more completely understand the complex interactions of indoor chemicals in the presence of ozone.
두번째- 화학제품
예를 들면,새로운 카펫으로부터 오존과 화학제품들을 뒤섞었던 연구소 실험에서 는，오존은 새로운 카펫 악취를 생산할수 있는 그것들을 포함하는 이 화학제품들 중의 대다수를 줄였다．
그러나，이러한 처리 안에서，반작용은 여러 가지 aldehydes를 생산했다，그리고 유기적인 화학제품들의 총 집중은 공기중에 오존（Weschler，et.al.，1992b）의 소개 후 감소했기 보다는 오히려 증가했다．
aldehydes(알데히드)에 더하여，오존은 또한 포름산（Zhang and Lio 1994）이 실내에 증가 될지도 모른다 그 두가지는 폐질환을 유발하게 만들 수 있다.
ozone에 의해 생산되는 잠재적인 부산물들은 약간들 다른 화학제품들을 반작용 하게 하는데 오존 자체가 부식성의 부산물들（Weschler와 실즈（1996），1997b，1997a）을 생산한다 것이다．
이러한 문제가 일어나는 화학 반응들의 복잡성은，추가의 조사가 오존이 더 완전하게 실내의 화학제품들의 복잡한 상호 작용들을 이해하기 위해 필요하다．
Third,
ozone does not remove particles (e.g., dust and pollen) from the air, including the particles that cause most allergies. However, some ozone generators are manufactured with an "ion generator" or "ionizer" in the same unit. An ionizer is a device that disperses negatively (and/or positively) charged ions into the air. These ions attach to particles in the air giving them a negative (or positive) charge so that the particles may attach to nearby surfaces such as walls or furniture, or attach to one another and settle out of the air. In recent experiments, ionizers were found to be less effective in removing particles of dust, tobacco smoke, pollen or fungal spores than either high efficiency particle filters or electrostatic precipitators. (Shaughnessy et al., 1994; Pierce, et al., 1996). However, it is apparent from other experiments that the effectiveness of particle air cleaners, including electrostatic precipitators, ion generators, or pleated filters varies widely (U.S. EPA, 1995).
세번째，
오존은 대부분의 알레르기들를 일으키는 입자들를 포함하는 공기에서 입자들（예를 들면，먼지와 화분）를 제거 시키지 않는다．
그러나，일부의 오존 발생시키는 사람들은 같은 단위에서“이온 발전기”또는 “ionizer” 로 제작된다．
ionizer는 공기로 부정적으로 부담시키게 되었던 이온들을 흩뜨리는（and/or 분명하게）장치이다．
입자들이 벽들 또는 가구같은 곧 근처의 표면들에 부착할지도 모르고，서로에 부착할지도 모르고，공기에서 정착할지도 모를수 있게，이 이온들은 그들에게 부정적인（또는 명백한）부담을 공기중에 주고 있는 입자들에 부착한다．
최근의 실험들에서는，ionizers가 고효율 입자들 필터들 또는 정전기적인 precipitators보다 먼지，담배 연기，화분 또는 fungal한 spores의 입자들를 떼낸다 것에 효과적이 아닌 것을 알았다．(Shaughnessy 기타（1994）；
피얼스，기타，1996）．
그러나，정전기적인 precipitators，이온 발전기들 또는 옷의 주름을 잡혔던 필터들를 포함하는 입자 공기 청정기들의 효과가 넓게 변화하는（미국 EPA（1995））
There is evidence to show that at concentrations that do not exceed public health standards, ozone is not effective at removing many odor-causing chemicals.
In an experiment designed to produce formaldehyde concentrations representative of an embalming studio, where formaldehyde is the main odor producer, ozone showed no effect in reducing formaldehyde concentration (Esswein and Boeniger, 1994). Other experiments suggest that body odor may be masked by the smell of ozone but is not removed by ozone (Witheridge and Yaglou, 1939). Ozone is not considered useful for odor removal in building ventilation systems (ASHRAE, 1989).
시체를 향료·약품으로 처리하여 보존하고 있는 스튜디오의 formaldehyde 집중 대표자를 낳기 위해 디자인하게 되는 실험에서는，formaldehyde가 주된 악취 제작자인 곳에，오존은 formaldehyde(포름알데히드)를（Esswein와 Boeniger（1994）） 줄일 때에 효과를 나타내지 않았다．
다른 실험들은 체취가 오존의 냄새에 의해 가면으로 가리게 될지도 모르지만，오존（Witheridge와 Yaglou（1939））에 의해 제거되지 않는다라고 제안한다．
오존은 환기 시스템들을 만들 때에 악취 제거에 도움되는 것으로 간주되지 않는다．（ASHRAE,1989)
While there are few scientific studies to support the claim that ozone effectively removes odors, it is plausible that some odorous chemicals will react with ozone. For example, in some experiments, ozone appeared to react readily with certain chemicals, including some chemicals that contribute to the smell of new carpet (Weschler, 1992b; Zhang and Lioy, 1994). Ozone is also believed to react with acrolein, one of the many odorous and irritating chemicals found in secondhand tobacco smoke (US EPA, 1995).
다른 실험들은 체취가 오존의 냄새에 의해 가면으로 가리게 될지도 모르지만，오존（Witheridge와 Yaglou（1939））에 의해 삭제되지 않는다라고 제안한다．
오존은 환기 시스템들（ASHRAE（1989））을 만들 때에 악취 제거에 도움되는 것으로 간주되지 않는다．
오존이 효과적으로 악취들를 삭제한다라고 하는 주장을 지탱하는 과학적인 아주 조금뿐인 공부가 없는 동안，냄새가 좋은 약간의 화학제품들이 오존과 함께 화학 반응할것인 것은 그럴듯하다．
예를 들면,약간의 실험들에，오존이 용이하게 새로운 카펫의 냄새에 공헌하는 약간의 화학제품들을 포함하는 어떤 화학제품들과 함께 화학 반응하는 것처럼 보였던 것처럼（1992b，Weschler；오존은 또한 acrolein-아크롤레인 [자극적인 냄새가 나는 무색 액체; 최루 가스 등에 씀]와 함께 화학 반응한다라고 생각된다，오존이 매개체로서 담배냄새와 화학제품들 제거하는 것으로 말해진다.(US EPA, 1995).
If used at concentrations that do not exceed public health standards, ozone applied to indoor air does not effectively remove viruses, bacteria, mold, or other biological pollutants.
만일 공중 위생 표준들을 능가하지 않는 집중들에 사용되면，옥내의 공기에 적용하게 되는 오존은 효과적으로 바이러스들，박테리아，형태 또는 다른 생물학적 오염 물질들을 떼내지 않는다．
Some data suggest that low levels of ozone may reduce airborne concentrations and inhibit the growth of some biological organisms while ozone is present, but ozone concentrations would have to be 5 - 10 times higher than public health standards allow before the ozone could decontaminate the air sufficiently to prevent survival and regeneration of the organisms once the ozone is removed (Dyas, et al.,1983; Foarde et al., 1997).
Even at high concentrations, ozone may have no effect on biological contaminants embedded in porous material such as duct lining or ceiling tiles (Foarde et al, 1997). In other words, ozone produced by ozone generators may inhibit the growth of some biological agents while it is present, but it is unlikely to fully decontaminate the air unless concentrations are high enough to be a health concern if people are present. Even with high levels of ozone, contaminants embedded in porous material may not be affected at all.
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If I Follow Manufacturers' Directions, Can I be Harmed? 만일 내가 제조업자의 지시들에 따르면，나를 해치게 될 수 있는가？
Results of some controlled studies show that concentrations of ozone considerably higher than these standards are possible even when a user follows the manufacturer’s operating instructions.
There are many brands and models of ozone generators on the market. They vary in the amount of ozone they can produce. In many circumstances, the use of an ozone generator may not result in ozone concentrations that exceed public health standards. But many factors affect the indoor concentration of ozone so that under some conditions ozone concentrations may exceed public health standards.
In one study (Shaughnessy and Oatman, 1991), a large ozone generator recommended by the manufacturer for spaces "up to 3,000 square feet," was placed in a 350 square foot room and run at a high setting. The ozone in the room quickly reached concentrations that were exceptionally high--0.50 to 0.80 ppm which is 5-10 times higher than public health limits (see Table 1).
In an EPA study, several different devices were placed in a home environment, in various rooms, with doors alternately opened and closed, and with the central ventilation system fan alternately turned on and off. The results showed that some ozone generators, when run at a high setting with interior doors closed, would frequently produce concentrations of 0.20 - 0.30 ppm. A powerful unit set on high with the interior doors opened achieved values of 0.12 to 0.20 ppm in adjacent rooms. When units were not run on high, and interior doors were open, concentrations generally did not exceed public health standards (US EPA, 1995).
The concentrations reported above were adjusted to exclude that portion of the ozone concentration brought in from the outdoors. Indoor concentrations of ozone brought in from outside are typically 0.01- 0.02 ppm, but could be as high as 0.03 - 0.05 ppm (Hayes, 1991; U.S. EPA, 1996b; Weschler et al., 1989, 1996; Zhang and Lioy; 1994). If the outdoor portion of ozone were included in the indoor concentrations reported above, the concentrations inside would have been correspondingly higher, increasing the risk of excessive ozone exposure.
None of the studies reported above involved the simultaneous use of more than one device. The simultaneous use of multiple devices increases the total ozone output and therefore greatly increases the risk of excessive ozone exposure.
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Why is it Difficult to Control Ozone Exposure with an Ozone Generator? 왜 오존 발생기로 오존을 제어하는 것이 어려운가?
The actual concentration of ozone produced by an ozone generator depends on many factors. Concentrations will be higher if a more powerful device or more than one device is used, if a device is placed in a small space rather than a large space, if interior doors are closed rather than open and, if the room has fewer rather than more materials and furnishings that adsorb or react with ozone and, provided that outdoor concentrations of ozone are low, if there is less rather than more outdoor air ventilation.
오존 발전기로 생산되는 오존의 실제의 집중은 많은 요인들에게 의존한다
만일 내부의 문들이 열리기 보다는 오히려 닫히면 만일 더 강력한 장치 또는 1개 이상의 장치가 사용되면 만일 장치가 큰 공간보다 오히려 작은 공간에 놓이면 오존의 증가는 더 높을것이다，그리고 만일 방에 재료들와 가구들이 많다면 오히려 더 오존을 흡착하거나，화학 반응을한다，그리고 만일 바깥 공기 환기가 더 보다 오히려 더 없으면 오존의 제공되었던 그렇게 집 밖의 오존이 더 낮다．
The proximity of a person to the ozone generating device can also affect one’s exposure. The concentration is highest at the point where the ozone exits from the device, and generally decreases as one moves further away.
Manufacturers and vendors advise users to size the device properly to the space or spaces in which it is used. Unfortunately, some manufacturers’ recommendations about appropriate sizes for particular spaces have not been sufficiently precise to guarantee that ozone concentrations will not exceed public health limits.
Further, some literature distributed by vendors suggests that users err on the side of operating a more powerful machine than would normally be appropriate for the intended space, the rationale being that the user may move in the future, or may want to use the machine in a larger space later on. Using a more powerful machine increases the risk of excessive ozone exposure.
더 한층，판매인들에 의해 배포되는 일부 논문보들은 사용자들이 통상 있을것인 것보다 강력한 오존발생기 성능기대하여 의도되는 공간（사용자들가 장래 움직일지도 모르는 정당성 존재）보다 또는 나중에 더 큰 공간에서 기계를 사용하게 바랄지도 모른다．이점은 오존노출의 위험을 늘린다
Ozone generators typically provide a control setting by which the ozone output can be adjusted. The ozone output of these devices is usually not proportional to the control setting. That is, a setting at medium does not necessarily generate an ozone level that is halfway between the levels at low and high. The relationship between the control setting and the output varies considerably among devices, although most appear to elevate the ozone output much more than one would expect as the control setting is increased from low to high. In experiments to date, the high setting in some devices generated 10 times the level obtained at the medium setting (US EPA, 1995). Manufacturer’s instructions on some devices link the control setting to room size and thus indicate what setting is appropriate for different room sizes. However, room size is only one factor affecting ozone levels in the room.
In addition to adjusting the control setting to the size of the room, users have sometimes been advised to lower the ozone setting if they can smell the ozone. Unfortunately, the ability to detect ozone by smell varies considerably from person to person, and one’s ability to smell ozone rapidly deteriorates in the presence of ozone. While the smell of ozone may indicate that the concentration is too high, lack of odor does not guarantee that levels are safe.
At least one manufacturer is offering units with an ozone sensor that turns the ozone generator on and off with the intent of maintaining ozone concentrations in the space below health standards. EPA is currently evaluating the effectiveness and reliability of these sensors, and plans to conduct further research to improve society’s understanding of ozone chemistry indoors. EPA will report its findings as the results of this research become available.
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Can Ozone be Used in Unoccupied Spaces? 오존은 비어있는 공간에 사용할 수있는가?
Ozone has been extensively used for water purification, but ozone chemistry in water is not the same as ozone chemistry in air. High concentrations of ozone in air, when people are not present, are sometimes used to help decontaminate an unoccupied space from certain chemical or biological contaminants or odors (e.g., fire restoration). However, little is known about the chemical by-products left behind by these processes (Dunston and Spivak, 1997). While high concentrations of ozone in air may sometimes be appropriate in these circumstances, conditions should be sufficiently controlled to insure that no person or pet becomes exposed. Ozone can adversely affect indoor plants, and damage materials such as rubber, electrical wire coatings, and fabrics and art work containing susceptible dyes and pigments (U.S. EPA, 1996a).
오존은 물 정화를 위해 널리 사용되었다.그러나 물의 오존 화학은 공중의 오존 화학과 같은 것이 아니다．
사람들이 없을 때 공중의 오존의 높은 집중들은 때때로 어떤 화학이거나 생물학적 오염 물질들 또는 악취들（예를 들면，불 회복）로부터 비어 있은 공간의 오염을 제거하는 것을 돕기 위해 사용된다．
그러나，거의 아무것도 이 처리들（Dunston와 Spivak（1997）） 옆에 두고 오게 되는 화학의 부산물들에 관해 알아지지 않는다．
공중의 오존의 높은 집중들이 때때로 이 상황들에서 적당할지도 모르는 동안，필요 조건들은 사람 또는 애완 동물이 노출되지 않는 것을 보증하기 위해 충분하게 제어되어야 한다．
오존은 거꾸로 공장내부에 영향을 끼칠 수 있고，고무같은 재료들에게 손해를 입힐 수 있다，전기의 전선 입힘들과 구조와 염료들과 안료들을 포함한다．(U.S. EPA, 1996a).
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What Other Methods Can Be Used to Control Indoor Air Pollution? 실내 공기질을 조절하는 다른 어떤 방법이 있는가?
The three most common approaches to reducing indoor air pollution15, in order of effectiveness, are:
Source Control: Eliminate or control the sources of pollution; 오염의 근원들을 제거하거나，제어한다
Ventilation: Dilute and exhaust pollutants through outdoor air ventilation, and 바깥 공기 환기와 공기의 청소를 통하여 묽게 하고，오염 물질들을 다 버리라
Air Cleaning: Remove pollutants through proven air cleaning methods. 공기를 깨끗이하여 오염물질을 제거하라
Of the three, the first approach -- source control -- is the most effective. This involves minimizing the use of products and materials that cause indoor pollution, employing good hygiene practices to minimize biological contaminants (including the control of humidity and moisture, and occasional cleaning and disinfection of wet or moist surfaces), and using good housekeeping practices to control particles.
이것은 옥내의 오염을 일으키는，좋은 위생을 사용하는 것은 생물학적 오염 물질들을 최소로 하기 위해 하는 제품들과 재료들의 사용을 최소로 하는 것을 포함한다（습도와 습기의 제어와 이따금의 청소 을 포함하는，그리고 축축하거나 축축한 표면들의 disinfection），그리고 집안을 깨끗이 유지하기 위하여 노력하는 것
The second approach -- outdoor air ventilation -- is also effective and commonly employed. Ventilation methods include installing an exhaust fan close to the source of contaminants, increasing outdoor air flows in mechanical ventilation systems, and opening windows, especially when pollutant sources are in use.
두번째의 방법（바깥 공기 환기）은 또한 효과적이고，일반적으로 사용된다．
환기 방법들은 오염 물질들의 산지의 근처에 배출 팬을 인스톨한다 것을 포함한다，기계의 환기 시스템들의 바깥 공기 흐름들을 늘리고，특히 오염 물질 출처들가 사용중일 때 창문들을 연다．
The third approach -- air cleaning -- is not generally regarded as sufficient in itself, but is sometimes used to supplement source control and ventilation. Air filters, electronic particle air cleaners and ionizers are often used to remove airborne particles, and gas adsorbing material is sometimes used to remove gaseous contaminants when source control and ventilation are inadequate.
See Additional Resources section below for more detailed information about these methods.
제3의 방법（공기의 청소）은 본래 일반적으로 충분으로 간주하게 되지 않고，때때로 보충 출처 제어와 환기에 익숙해 있다．
공기 정화 필터들，전자 입자들 공기 청정기들와 ionizers는 공수의 입자들를 떼내기 위해 자주 사용된다，그리고 재료를 흡착하고 있는 기체는 때때로 출처 제어와 환기가 부적당한 가스의 오염 물질들을 떼내기 위해 사용된다．
이 방법들에 관한 더 상세한 정보 을 위해의 아래에서 Additional Resources 섹션을 보라．
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Conclusions
Whether in its pure form or mixed with other chemicals, ozone can be harmful to health.
When inhaled, ozone can damage the lungs. Relatively low amounts of ozone can cause chest pain, coughing, shortness of breath and, throat irritation. It may also worsen chronic respiratory diseases such as asthma as well as compromise the ability of the body to fight respiratory infections.
Some studies show that ozone concentrations produced by ozone generators can exceed health standards even when one follows manufacturer’s instructions.
Many factors affect ozone concentrations including the amount of ozone produced by the machine(s), the size of the indoor space, the amount of material in the room with which ozone reacts, the outdoor ozone concentration, and the amount of ventilation. These factors make it difficult to control the ozone concentration in all circumstances.
Available scientific evidence shows that, at concentrations that do not exceed public health standards, ozone is generally ineffective in controlling indoor air pollution.
The concentration of ozone would have to greatly exceed health standards to be effective in removing most indoor air contaminants. In the process of reacting with chemicals indoors, ozone can produce other chemicals that themselves can be irritating and corrosive.
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Recommendation
The public is advised to use proven methods of controlling indoor air pollution. These methods include eliminating or controlling pollutant sources, increasing outdoor air ventilation, and using proven methods of air cleaning.
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Additional Resources
Publications:
The Inside Story: A Guide to Indoor Air1 Quality1, EPA Document Number EPA 402-K-93-007. U.S. EPA, U.S. CPSC. April 1995.
Indoor Air Facts No. 7.- Residential Air4 Cleaners,4 EPA Document Number EPA 20A-4-001. U.S. EPA. February 1990.
Residential Air Cleaning Devices: A Summary of Available Information,3 EPA Document Number EPA 402-K-96-001. U.S. EPA. February 1990.
Indoor Air Pollution: An Introduction for Health Professionals2,2 EPA Document Number EPA 402-R-94-007. American Lung Association, EPA, CPSC, American Medical Association.
Advisory:
"Health Canada Advises the Public About Air Cleaners Designed to Intentionally Generate Ozone (Ozone Generators)", Health Canada, Canada 1999-19, February 5, 1999. www.hc-sc.gc.ca/english/protection/warnings/1999/99_62e.htm16 9
Information Sources:
U.S. EPA's Indoor Air Quality Information Clearinghouse (IAQ INFO)17, PO Box 37133, Washington D.C. 20013-7133; by phone (800) 438-4318.
California Department of Health Services, Indoor Air Quality Program, 850 Marina Bay Parkway, Suite G365/EHL, Richmond, CA 94804. DHS-IAQ Program Assistance Line: (510) 620-2874, Fax: (510) 620-2825
Federal Trade Commission18 9, Consumer Response Center, (202) 326-3128.
U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission,19 9 Washington D.C. 20207; or call Consumer Hotline, English/Spanish: (800) 638-2772, Hearing/Speech Impaired: (800) 6388270.
The Association of Home Appliance Manufacturers (AHAM) has developed an American National Standards Institute (ANSI)-approved standard for portable air cleaners (ANSI/AHAM Standard AC-1-1988). This standard may be useful in estimating the effectiveness of portable air cleaners. Under this standard, room air cleaner effectiveness is rated by a clean air delivery rate (CADR) for each of three particle types in indoor air: tobacco smoke, dust, and pollen.
Only a limited number of air cleaners have been certified under this program at the present time. A complete listing of all current AHAM-certified room air cleaners and their CADRs can be obtained from CADR10 9
Association of Home Appliance Manufacturers (AHAM)
1111 19th Street, NW, Suite 402
Washington, DC 20036
(202) 872-5955
www.aham.org8 9
AHAM also provides information on air cleaners on their AHAM-certified Clean Air Delivery Rate site at www.cadr.org10 9
American Lung Association Fact Sheet - Air Cleaning Devices: Types of Air Cleaning Processes20 9
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Bibliography
Al-Ahmady, Kaiss K. 1997. Indoor Ozone. Florida Journal of Environmental Health. June. pp. 8-12.
American Lung Association. 1997. Residential Air Cleaning Devices: Types, Effectiveness, and Health Impact. Washington, D.C. January.
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE). 1989. ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals. Atlanta. p. 12.5.
Boeniger, Mark F. 1995. Use of Ozone Generating Devices to Improve Indoor Air Quality. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal. 56: 590-598.
Dunston, N.C.; Spivak, S.M. 1997. A Preliminary Investigation of the Effects of Ozone on Post-Fire Volatile Organic Compounds. Journal of Applied Fire Science. 6(3): 231-242.
Dyas, A.; Boughton, B.J.; Das, B.C. 1983. Ozone Killing Action Against Bacterial and Fungal Species; Microbiological Testing of a Domestic Ozone Generator. Journal of Clinical Pathology. 36:1102-1104.
Esswein, Eric J.; Boeniger, Mark F. 1994. Effects of an Ozone-Generating Air-Purifying Device on Reducing Concentrations of Formaldehyde in Air. Applied Occupational Environmental Hygiene. 9(2):139-146.
Foarde, K.; van Osdell, D.; and Steiber, R.1997. Investigation of Gas-Phase Ozone as a Potential Biocide. Applied Occupational Environmental Hygiene. 12(8): 535-542.
Hayes, S.R. 1991. Use of an Indoor Air Quality Model (IAQM) to Estimate Indoor Ozone Levels. Journal of Air and Waste Management Association. 41:161-170.
Pierce, Mark W.; Janczewski, Jolanda N.; Roethlisbergber, Brian; Pelton, Mike; and Kunstel, Kristen. 1996. Effectiveness of Auxiliary Air Cleaners in Reducing ETS Components in Offices. ASHRAE Journal. November.
Salls, Carroll, M. 1927. The Ozone Fallacy in Garage Ventilation. The Journal of Industrial Hygiene. 9:12. December.
Sawyer, W.A.; Beckwith, Helen I.; and Skolfield, Esther M. 1913. The Alleged Purification of Air By The Ozone Machine. Journal of the American Medical Association. November 13.
Shaughnessy, Richard, J.; Levetin, Estelle; Blocker, Jean; and Sublette, Kerry L. 1994. Effectiveness of Portable Indoor Air Cleaners: Sensory Testing Results. Indoor Air. Journal of the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate. 4:179-188.
Shaughnessy, R.J.; and Oatman, L. 1991. The Use of Ozone Generators for the Control of Indoor Air Contaminants in an Occupied Environment. Proceedings of the ASHRAE Conference IAQ ‘91. Healthy Buildings. ASHRAE, Atlanta.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). 1995. Ozone Generators in Indoor Air Settings. Report prepared for the Office of Research and Development by Raymond Steiber. National Risk Management Research Laboratory. U.S. EPA. Research Triangle Park. EPA-600/R-95-154.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). 1996. Air Quality Criteria for Ozone and Related Photochemical Oxidants. Research Triangle Park, NC: National Center for Environmental Assessment-RTP Office; report nos. EPA/600/P-93/004aF-cF, 3v. NTIS, Springfield, VA; PB-185582, PB96-185590 and PB96-185608.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). 1996. Review of National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Ozone: Assessment of Scientific and Technical Information. OAQPS Staff Paper. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle Park. NC. EPA-452/R-96-007.
Weschler, Charles J.; Brauer, Michael; and Koutrakis, Petros. 1992a. Indoor Ozone and Nitrogen Dioxide: A Potential Pathway to the Generation of Nitrate Radicals, Dinitrogen Pentaoxide, and Nitric Acid Indoors. Environmental Science and Technology. 26(1):179-184.
Weschler, Charles J.; Hodgson Alfred T.; and Wooley, John D. 1992b. Indoor Chemistry: Ozone, Volatile Organic Compounds, and Carpets. Environmental Science and Technology. 26(12):2371-2377.
Weschler, Charles J; Shields, Helen C. 1997a. Measurements of the Hydroxyl Radical in a Manipulated but Realistic Indoor Environment. Environmental Science and Technology. 31(12):3719-3722.
Weschler, Charles J; Shields, Helen C. 1997b. Potential Reactions Among Indoor Pollutants. Atmospheric Environment. 31(21):3487-3495.
Weschler, Charles J; and Shields, Helen C. 1996. Production of the Hydroxyl Radical in Indoor Air. Environmental Science and Technology. 30(11):3250-3268.
Weschler, Charles J.; Shields, Helen, C.; and Naik, Datta V. 1989. Indoor Ozone Exposures. JAPCA Journal. 39(12):1562-1568.
Weschler, Charles J.; Shields, Helen, C.; and Naik, Datta V. 1996. The Factors Influencing Indoor Ozone Levels at a Commercial Building in Southern California: More that a Year of Continuous Observations. Tropospheric Ozone. Air and Waste Management Association. Pittsburgh.
Witheridge, William N. And Yaglou, Constantin P. 1939. Ozone in Ventilation--Its possibilities and Limitations. ASHRAE Transactions. 45: 509-522.
Zhang, Junfeng and Lioy, Paul J. 1994. Ozone in Residential Air: Concentrations, I/O Ratios, Indoor Chemistry, and Exposures. Indoor Air. Journal of the International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate. 4:95-102.
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To order any of our indoor air publications, contact:
IAQ INFO Clearinghouse
PO Box 37133
Washington D.C. 20013-7133
(703) 356-4020 or 800-438-4318
fax: (703) 356-5386 or e-mail: iaqinfo@aol.com
or, you can order publications directly via EPA's National Service Center for Environmental Publications (NSCEP) (http://www.epa.gov/ncepihom/).21 web site. Your publication requests can also be mailed, called or faxed directly to:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
National Center for Environmental Publications (NSCEP)
P.O. Box 42419
Cincinnati, OH 42419
1-800-490-9198/(513) 489-8695 (fax)
전체를 해석해드리고 싶은데..시간이 안받쳐주네요....
요점만 발췌하였으니 EPA도 문제라고 답변 올리실 배짱이 있으신지??
자사 제품 홍보를 이런데서 하면 안되지요....호도하지말기 바랍니다.
출처 : http://www.epa.gov/iaq/pubs/ozonegen.html (미국환경청 자료-일부번역)
-Are Ozone Generators Effective in Controlling Indoor Air Pollution?
(실내의 공기 오염을 제거 하는 것으로 오존 발생기가 효과적인가？)
Available scientific evidence shows that at concentrations that do not exceed public health standards, ozone has little potential to remove indoor air contaminants- .(이용할 수 있는 과학적인 증거는 공중 위생 표준들을 능가하지 않는 집중들에，오존이 실내의 공기 오염 물질들을 제거하기 위해 거의 잠재성을 가지지 않는 것을 나타낸다．
Some manufacturers or vendors suggest that ozone will render almost every chemical contaminant harmless by producing a chemical reaction whose only by-products are carbon dioxide, oxygen and water. This is misleading.
일부의 제조업자들 또는 판매인들은 오존이 거의 모든 화학의 오염 물질을 화학 반응을 생산하는 것 에 의해 무해하다고 제안한다 단지 부산물로 이산화탄소，산소，그리고 물만 생성한다고 하지만 이것은 오도이다
First,
a review of scientific research shows that, for many of the chemicals commonly found in indoor environments, the reaction process with ozone may take months or years (Boeniger, 1995). For all practical purposes, ozone does not react at all with such chemicals. And contrary to specific claims by some vendors, ozone generators are not effective in removing carbon monoxide (Salls, 1927; Shaughnessy et al., 1994) or formaldehyde (Esswein and Boeniger, 1994). (오존은 그런 화학제품들으로 모든 것에 반응하지 않는다．-중략)
Second,
for many of the chemicals with which ozone does readily react, the reaction can form a variety of harmful or irritating by-products (Weschler et al., 1992a, 1992b, 1996; Zhang and Lioy, 1994). For example, in a laboratory experiment that mixed ozone with chemicals from new carpet, ozone reduced many of these chemicals, including those which can produce new carpet odor. However, in the process, the reaction produced a variety of aldehydes, and the total concentration of organic chemicals in the air increased rather than decreased after the introduction of ozone (Weschler, et. al., 1992b). In addition to aldehydes, ozone may also increase indoor concentrations of formic acid (Zhang and Lioy, 1994), both of which can irritate the lungs if produced in sufficient amounts. Some of the potential by-products produced by ozone’s reactions with other chemicals are themselves very reactive and capable of producing irritating and corrosive by-products (Weschler and Shields, 1996, 1997a, 1997b). Given the complexity of the chemical reactions that occur, additional research is needed to more completely understand the complex interactions of indoor chemicals in the presence of ozone.
두번째- 화학제품
예를 들면,새로운 카펫으로부터 오존과 화학제품들을 뒤섞었던 연구소 실험에서 는，오존은 새로운 카펫 악취를 생산할수 있는 그것들을 포함하는 이 화학제품들 중의 대다수를 줄였다．
그러나，이러한 처리 안에서，반작용은 여러 가지 aldehydes를 생산했다，그리고 유기적인 화학제품들의 총 집중은 공기중에 오존（Weschler，et.al.，1992b）의 소개 후 감소했기 보다는 오히려 증가했다．
aldehydes(알데히드)에 더하여，오존은 또한 포름산（Zhang and Lio 1994）이 실내에 증가 될지도 모른다 그 두가지는 폐질환을 유발하게 만들 수 있다.
ozone에 의해 생산되는 잠재적인 부산물들은 약간들 다른 화학제품들을 반작용 하게 하는데 오존 자체가 부식성의 부산물들（Weschler와 실즈（1996），1997b，1997a）을 생산한다 것이다．
이러한 문제가 일어나는 화학 반응들의 복잡성은，추가의 조사가 오존이 더 완전하게 실내의 화학제품들의 복잡한 상호 작용들을 이해하기 위해 필요하다．
Third,
ozone does not remove particles (e.g., dust and pollen) from the air, including the particles that cause most allergies. However, some ozone generators are manufactured with an "ion generator" or "ionizer" in the same unit. An ionizer is a device that disperses negatively (and/or positively) charged ions into the air. These ions attach to particles in the air giving them a negative (or positive) charge so that the particles may attach to nearby surfaces such as walls or furniture, or attach to one another and settle out of the air. In recent experiments, ionizers were found to be less effective in removing particles of dust, tobacco smoke, pollen or fungal spores than either high efficiency particle filters or electrostatic precipitators. (Shaughnessy et al., 1994; Pierce, et al., 1996). However, it is apparent from other experiments that the effectiveness of particle air cleaners, including electrostatic precipitators, ion generators, or pleated filters varies widely (U.S. EPA, 1995).
세번째，
오존은 대부분의 알레르기들를 일으키는 입자들를 포함하는 공기에서 입자들（예를 들면，먼지와 화분）를 제거 시키지 않는다．
그러나，일부의 오존 발생시키는 사람들은 같은 단위에서“이온 발전기”또는 “ionizer” 로 제작된다．
ionizer는 공기로 부정적으로 부담시키게 되었던 이온들을 흩뜨리는（and/or 분명하게）장치이다．
입자들이 벽들 또는 가구같은 곧 근처의 표면들에 부착할지도 모르고，서로에 부착할지도 모르고，공기에서 정착할지도 모를수 있게，이 이온들은 그들에게 부정적인（또는 명백한）부담을 공기중에 주고 있는 입자들에 부착한다．
최근의 실험들에서는，ionizers가 고효율 입자들 필터들 또는 정전기적인 precipitators보다 먼지，담배 연기，화분 또는 fungal한 spores의 입자들를 떼낸다 것에 효과적이 아닌 것을 알았다．(Shaughnessy 기타（1994）；
피얼스，기타，1996）．
그러나，정전기적인 precipitators，이온 발전기들 또는 옷의 주름을 잡혔던 필터들를 포함하는 입자 공기 청정기들의 효과가 넓게 변화하는（미국 EPA（1995））
There is evidence to show that at concentrations that do not exceed public health standards, ozone is not effective at removing many odor-causing chemicals.
In an experiment designed to produce formaldehyde concentrations representative of an embalming studio, where formaldehyde is the main odor producer, ozone showed no effect in reducing formaldehyde concentration (Esswein and Boeniger, 1994). Other experiments suggest that body odor may be masked by the smell of ozone but is not removed by ozone (Witheridge and Yaglou, 1939). Ozone is not considered useful for odor removal in building ventilation systems (ASHRAE, 1989).
시체를 향료·약품으로 처리하여 보존하고 있는 스튜디오의 formaldehyde 집중 대표자를 낳기 위해 디자인하게 되는 실험에서는，formaldehyde가 주된 악취 제작자인 곳에，오존은 formaldehyde(포름알데히드)를（Esswein와 Boeniger（1994）） 줄일 때에 효과를 나타내지 않았다．
다른 실험들은 체취가 오존의 냄새에 의해 가면으로 가리게 될지도 모르지만，오존（Witheridge와 Yaglou（1939））에 의해 제거되지 않는다라고 제안한다．
오존은 환기 시스템들을 만들 때에 악취 제거에 도움되는 것으로 간주되지 않는다．（ASHRAE,1989)
While there are few scientific studies to support the claim that ozone effectively removes odors, it is plausible that some odorous chemicals will react with ozone. For example, in some experiments, ozone appeared to react readily with certain chemicals, including some chemicals that contribute to the smell of new carpet (Weschler, 1992b; Zhang and Lioy, 1994). Ozone is also believed to react with acrolein, one of the many odorous and irritating chemicals found in secondhand tobacco smoke (US EPA, 1995).
다른 실험들은 체취가 오존의 냄새에 의해 가면으로 가리게 될지도 모르지만，오존（Witheridge와 Yaglou（1939））에 의해 삭제되지 않는다라고 제안한다．
오존은 환기 시스템들（ASHRAE（1989））을 만들 때에 악취 제거에 도움되는 것으로 간주되지 않는다．
오존이 효과적으로 악취들를 삭제한다라고 하는 주장을 지탱하는 과학적인 아주 조금뿐인 공부가 없는 동안，냄새가 좋은 약간의 화학제품들이 오존과 함께 화학 반응할것인 것은 그럴듯하다．
예를 들면,약간의 실험들에，오존이 용이하게 새로운 카펫의 냄새에 공헌하는 약간의 화학제품들을 포함하는 어떤 화학제품들과 함께 화학 반응하는 것처럼 보였던 것처럼（1992b，Weschler；오존은 또한 acrolein-아크롤레인 [자극적인 냄새가 나는 무색 액체; 최루 가스 등에 씀]와 함께 화학 반응한다라고 생각된다，오존이 매개체로서 담배냄새와 화학제품들 제거하는 것으로 말해진다.(US EPA, 1995).
If used at concentrations that do not exceed public health standards, ozone applied to indoor air does not effectively remove viruses, bacteria, mold, or other biological pollutants.
만일 공중 위생 표준들을 능가하지 않는 집중들에 사용되면，옥내의 공기에 적용하게 되는 오존은 효과적으로 바이러스들，박테리아，형태 또는 다른 생물학적 오염 물질들을 떼내지 않는다．
Some data suggest that low levels of ozone may reduce airborne concentrations and inhibit the growth of some biological organisms while ozone is present, but ozone concentrations would have to be 5 - 10 times higher than public health standards allow before the ozone could decontaminate the air sufficiently to prevent survival and regeneration of the organisms once the ozone is removed (Dyas, et al.,1983; Foarde et al., 1997).
Even at high concentrations, ozone may have no effect on biological contaminants embedded in porous material such as duct lining or ceiling tiles (Foarde et al, 1997). In other words, ozone produced by ozone generators may inhibit the growth of some biological agents while it is present, but it is unlikely to fully decontaminate the air unless concentrations are high enough to be a health concern if people are present. Even with high levels of ozone, contaminants embedded in porous material may not be affected at all.
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If I Follow Manufacturers' Directions, Can I be Harmed? 만일 내가 제조업자의 지시들에 따르면，나를 해치게 될 수 있는가？
Results of some controlled studies show that concentrations of ozone considerably higher than these standards are possible even when a user follows the manufacturer’s operating instructions.
There are many brands and models of ozone generators on the market. They vary in the amount of ozone they can produce. In many circumstances, the use of an ozone generator may not result in ozone concentrations that exceed public health standards. But many factors affect the indoor concentration of ozone so that under some conditions ozone concentrations may exceed public health standards.
In one study (Shaughnessy and Oatman, 1991), a large ozone generator recommended by the manufacturer for spaces "up to 3,000 square feet," was placed in a 350 square foot room and run at a high setting. The ozone in the room quickly reached concentrations that were exceptionally high--0.50 to 0.80 ppm which is 5-10 times higher than public health limits (see Table 1).
In an EPA study, several different devices were placed in a home environment, in various rooms, with doors alternately opened and closed, and with the central ventilation system fan alternately turned on and off. The results showed that some ozone generators, when run at a high setting with interior doors closed, would frequently produce concentrations of 0.20 - 0.30 ppm. A powerful unit set on high with the interior doors opened achieved values of 0.12 to 0.20 ppm in adjacent rooms. When units were not run on high, and interior doors were open, concentrations generally did not exceed public health standards (US EPA, 1995).
The concentrations reported above were adjusted to exclude that portion of the ozone concentration brought in from the outdoors. Indoor concentrations of ozone brought in from outside are typically 0.01- 0.02 ppm, but could be as high as 0.03 - 0.05 ppm (Hayes, 1991; U.S. EPA, 1996b; Weschler et al., 1989, 1996; Zhang and Lioy; 1994). If the outdoor portion of ozone were included in the indoor concentrations reported above, the concentrations inside would have been correspondingly higher, increasing the risk of excessive ozone exposure.
None of the studies reported above involved the simultaneous use of more than one device. The simultaneous use of multiple devices increases the total ozone output and therefore greatly increases the risk of excessive ozone exposure.
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Why is it Difficult to Control Ozone Exposure with an Ozone Generator? 왜 오존 발생기로 오존을 제어하는 것이 어려운가?
The actual concentration of ozone produced by an ozone generator depends on many factors. Concentrations will be higher if a more powerful device or more than one device is used, if a device is placed in a small space rather than a large space, if interior doors are closed rather than open and, if the room has fewer rather than more materials and furnishings that adsorb or react with ozone and, provided that outdoor concentrations of ozone are low, if there is less rather than more outdoor air ventilation.
오존 발전기로 생산되는 오존의 실제의 집중은 많은 요인들에게 의존한다
만일 내부의 문들이 열리기 보다는 오히려 닫히면 만일 더 강력한 장치 또는 1개 이상의 장치가 사용되면 만일 장치가 큰 공간보다 오히려 작은 공간에 놓이면 오존의 증가는 더 높을것이다，그리고 만일 방에 재료들와 가구들이 많다면 오히려 더 오존을 흡착하거나，화학 반응을한다，그리고 만일 바깥 공기 환기가 더 보다 오히려 더 없으면 오존의 제공되었던 그렇게 집 밖의 오존이 더 낮다．
The proximity of a person to the ozone generating device can also affect one’s exposure. The concentration is highest at the point where the ozone exits from the device, and generally decreases as one moves further away.
Manufacturers and vendors advise users to size the device properly to the space or spaces in which it is used. Unfortunately, some manufacturers’ recommendations about appropriate sizes for particular spaces have not been sufficiently precise to guarantee that ozone concentrations will not exceed public health limits.
Further, some literature distributed by vendors suggests that users err on the side of operating a more powerful machine than would normally be appropriate for the intended space, the rationale being that the user may move in the future, or may want to use the machine in a larger space later on. Using a more powerful machine increases the risk of excessive ozone exposure.
더 한층，판매인들에 의해 배포되는 일부 논문보들은 사용자들이 통상 있을것인 것보다 강력한 오존발생기 성능기대하여 의도되는 공간（사용자들가 장래 움직일지도 모르는 정당성 존재）보다 또는 나중에 더 큰 공간에서 기계를 사용하게 바랄지도 모른다．이점은 오존노출의 위험을 늘린다
Ozone generators typically provide a control setting by which the ozone output can be adjusted. The ozone output of these devices is usually not proportional to the control setting. That is, a setting at medium does not necessarily generate an ozone level that is halfway between the levels at low and high. The relationship between the control setting and the output varies considerably among devices, although most appear to elevate the ozone output much more than one would expect as the control setting is increased from low to high. In experiments to date, the high setting in some devices generated 10 times the level obtained at the medium setting (US EPA, 1995). Manufacturer’s instructions on some devices link the control setting to room size and thus indicate what setting is appropriate for different room sizes. However, room size is only one factor affecting ozone levels in the room.
In addition to adjusting the control setting to the size of the room, users have sometimes been advised to lower the ozone setting if they can smell the ozone. Unfortunately, the ability to detect ozone by smell varies considerably from person to person, and one’s ability to smell ozone rapidly deteriorates in the presence of ozone. While the smell of ozone may indicate that the concentration is too high, lack of odor does not guarantee that levels are safe.
At least one manufacturer is offering units with an ozone sensor that turns the ozone generator on and off with the intent of maintaining ozone concentrations in the space below health standards. EPA is currently evaluating the effectiveness and reliability of these sensors, and plans to conduct further research to improve society’s understanding of ozone chemistry indoors. EPA will report its findings as the results of this research become available.
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Can Ozone be Used in Unoccupied Spaces? 오존은 비어있는 공간에 사용할 수있는가?
Ozone has been extensively used for water purification, but ozone chemistry in water is not the same as ozone chemistry in air. High concentrations of ozone in air, when people are not present, are sometimes used to help decontaminate an unoccupied space from certain chemical or biological contaminants or odors (e.g., fire restoration). However, little is known about the chemical by-products left behind by these processes (Dunston and Spivak, 1997). While high concentrations of ozone in air may sometimes be appropriate in these circumstances, conditions should be sufficiently controlled to insure that no person or pet becomes exposed. Ozone can adversely affect indoor plants, and damage materials such as rubber, electrical wire coatings, and fabrics and art work containing susceptible dyes and pigments (U.S. EPA, 1996a).
오존은 물 정화를 위해 널리 사용되었다.그러나 물의 오존 화학은 공중의 오존 화학과 같은 것이 아니다．
사람들이 없을 때 공중의 오존의 높은 집중들은 때때로 어떤 화학이거나 생물학적 오염 물질들 또는 악취들（예를 들면，불 회복）로부터 비어 있은 공간의 오염을 제거하는 것을 돕기 위해 사용된다．
그러나，거의 아무것도 이 처리들（Dunston와 Spivak（1997）） 옆에 두고 오게 되는 화학의 부산물들에 관해 알아지지 않는다．
공중의 오존의 높은 집중들이 때때로 이 상황들에서 적당할지도 모르는 동안，필요 조건들은 사람 또는 애완 동물이 노출되지 않는 것을 보증하기 위해 충분하게 제어되어야 한다．
오존은 거꾸로 공장내부에 영향을 끼칠 수 있고，고무같은 재료들에게 손해를 입힐 수 있다，전기의 전선 입힘들과 구조와 염료들과 안료들을 포함한다．(U.S. EPA, 1996a).
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What Other Methods Can Be Used to Control Indoor Air Pollution? 실내 공기질을 조절하는 다른 어떤 방법이 있는가?
The three most common approaches to reducing indoor air pollution15, in order of effectiveness, are:
Source Control: Eliminate or control the sources of pollution; 오염의 근원들을 제거하거나，제어한다
Ventilation: Dilute and exhaust pollutants through outdoor air ventilation, and 바깥 공기 환기와 공기의 청소를 통하여 묽게 하고，오염 물질들을 다 버리라
Air Cleaning: Remove pollutants through proven air cleaning methods. 공기를 깨끗이하여 오염물질을 제거하라
Of the three, the first approach -- source control -- is the most effective. This involves minimizing the use of products and materials that cause indoor pollution, employing good hygiene practices to minimize biological contaminants (including the control of humidity and moisture, and occasional cleaning and disinfection of wet or moist surfaces), and using good housekeeping practices to control particles.
이것은 옥내의 오염을 일으키는，좋은 위생을 사용하는 것은 생물학적 오염 물질들을 최소로 하기 위해 하는 제품들과 재료들의 사용을 최소로 하는 것을 포함한다（습도와 습기의 제어와 이따금의 청소 을 포함하는，그리고 축축하거나 축축한 표면들의 disinfection），그리고 집안을 깨끗이 유지하기 위하여 노력하는 것
The second approach -- outdoor air ventilation -- is also effective and commonly employed. Ventilation methods include installing an exhaust fan close to the source of contaminants, increasing outdoor air flows in mechanical ventilation systems, and opening windows, especially when pollutant sources are in use.
두번째의 방법（바깥 공기 환기）은 또한 효과적이고，일반적으로 사용된다．
환기 방법들은 오염 물질들의 산지의 근처에 배출 팬을 인스톨한다 것을 포함한다，기계의 환기 시스템들의 바깥 공기 흐름들을 늘리고，특히 오염 물질 출처들가 사용중일 때 창문들을 연다．
The third approach -- air cleaning -- is not generally regarded as sufficient in itself, but is sometimes used to supplement source control and ventilation. Air filters, electronic particle air cleaners and ionizers are often used to remove airborne particles, and gas adsorbing material is sometimes used to remove gaseous contaminants when source control and ventilation are inadequate.
See Additional Resources section below for more detailed information about these methods.
제3의 방법（공기의 청소）은 본래 일반적으로 충분으로 간주하게 되지 않고，때때로 보충 출처 제어와 환기에 익숙해 있다．
공기 정화 필터들，전자 입자들 공기 청정기들와 ionizers는 공수의 입자들를 떼내기 위해 자주 사용된다，그리고 재료를 흡착하고 있는 기체는 때때로 출처 제어와 환기가 부적당한 가스의 오염 물질들을 떼내기 위해 사용된다．
이 방법들에 관한 더 상세한 정보 을 위해의 아래에서 Additional Resources 섹션을 보라．
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Conclusions
Whether in its pure form or mixed with other chemicals, ozone can be harmful to health.
When inhaled, ozone can damage the lungs. Relatively low amounts of ozone can cause chest pain, coughing, shortness of breath and, throat irritation. It may also worsen chronic respiratory diseases such as asthma as well as compromise the ability of the body to fight respiratory infections.
Some studies show that ozone concentrations produced by ozone generators can exceed health standards even when one follows manufacturer’s instructions.
Many factors affect ozone concentrations including the amount of ozone produced by the machine(s), the size of the indoor space, the amount of material in the room with which ozone reacts, the outdoor ozone concentration, and the amount of ventilation. These factors make it difficult to control the ozone concentration in all circumstances.
Available scientific evidence shows that, at concentrations that do not exceed public health standards, ozone is generally ineffective in controlling indoor air pollution.
The concentration of ozone would have to greatly exceed health standards to be effective in removing most indoor air contaminants. In the process of reacting with chemicals indoors, ozone can produce other chemicals that themselves can be irritating and corrosive.
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Recommendation
The public is advised to use proven methods of controlling indoor air pollution. These methods include eliminating or controlling pollutant sources, increasing outdoor air ventilation, and using proven methods of air cleaning.
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Additional Resources
Publications:
The Inside Story: A Guide to Indoor Air1 Quality1, EPA Document Number EPA 402-K-93-007. U.S. EPA, U.S. CPSC. April 1995.
Indoor Air Facts No. 7.- Residential Air4 Cleaners,4 EPA Document Number EPA 20A-4-001. U.S. EPA. February 1990.
Residential Air Cleaning Devices: A Summary of Available Information,3 EPA Document Number EPA 402-K-96-001. U.S. EPA. February 1990.
Indoor Air Pollution: An Introduction for Health Professionals2,2 EPA Document Number EPA 402-R-94-007. American Lung Association, EPA, CPSC, American Medical Association.
Advisory:
"Health Canada Advises the Public About Air Cleaners Designed to Intentionally Generate Ozone (Ozone Generators)", Health Canada, Canada 1999-19, February 5, 1999. www.hc-sc.gc.ca/english/protection/warnings/1999/99_62e.htm16 9
Information Sources:
U.S. EPA's Indoor Air Quality Information Clearinghouse (IAQ INFO)17, PO Box 37133, Washington D.C. 20013-7133; by phone (800) 438-4318.
California Department of Health Services, Indoor Air Quality Program, 850 Marina Bay Parkway, Suite G365/EHL, Richmond, CA 94804. DHS-IAQ Program Assistance Line: (510) 620-2874, Fax: (510) 620-2825
Federal Trade Commission18 9, Consumer Response Center, (202) 326-3128.
U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission,19 9 Washington D.C. 20207; or call Consumer Hotline, English/Spanish: (800) 638-2772, Hearing/Speech Impaired: (800) 6388270.
The Association of Home Appliance Manufacturers (AHAM) has developed an American National Standards Institute (ANSI)-approved standard for portable air cleaners (ANSI/AHAM Standard AC-1-1988). This standard may be useful in estimating the effectiveness of portable air cleaners. Under this standard, room air cleaner effectiveness is rated by a clean air delivery rate (CADR) for each of three particle types in indoor air: tobacco smoke, dust, and pollen.
Only a limited number of air cleaners have been certified under this program at the present time. A complete listing of all current AHAM-certified room air cleaners and their CADRs can be obtained from CADR10 9
Association of Home Appliance Manufacturers (AHAM)
1111 19th Street, NW, Suite 402
Washington, DC 20036
(202) 872-5955
www.aham.org8 9
AHAM also provides information on air cleaners on their AHAM-certified Clean Air Delivery Rate site at www.cadr.org10 9
American Lung Association Fact Sheet - Air Cleaning Devices: Types of Air Cleaning Processes20 9
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American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE). 1989. ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals. Atlanta. p. 12.5.
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전체를 해석해드리고 싶은데..시간이 안받쳐주네요....
요점만 발췌하였으니 EPA도 문제라고 답변 올리실 배짱이 있으신지??
자사 제품 홍보를 이런데서 하면 안되지요....호도하지말기 바랍니다.
